Business And Information Technology Strategy Information Technology Essay

Business And Information Technology Strategy Information Technology Essay Business and information technology (IT) strategy has long been recognized as a key issue for managers and has grown in importance as IT has become strategically significant. For any kind of business to be succeeded in the market should follow some strategies. With the growing technological development competition has increase therefore managers or CEO should focus their attention on the information technology. Similarly, Frito Lay business strategy involved information technology. The IT function in every business is about capturing, processing, storing and distributing information or data. Introduction Information Technology (IT) is crucial to any business. IT Strategy focuses on strategic IT issues; on how to make IT work for businesses and improve company performance alongside examining ways of exploiting the full potential of information systems from existing and new IT products. High-performance businesses view IT as a strategic asset-a source of both operational excellence and competitive advantage. Frito Lays business strategy which also used the IT strategy for the improvement of their sales and to make the information available to its customers. Overlapping or Similarities between IT Strategy and Frito Lay business strategy Strategy is a comprehensive plan for accomplishing organizations goals. IT strategy is similar to Frito Lay business strategy business although the focus is specifically on technology. It is important to plan ahead for the development of your IT systems, which will need to be able to grow and adapt to any changes in business. However, business strategies and IT strategies overlap in some cases are as follows: Both strategies focus on management using same strategies. Both strategies act as a tool used for planning the future seems that they are unique. Both of the strategies are similar in a way that they are regulating a product and its structure simultaneously. Both of the strategies have a certain goal to reach its ultimate success in a same manner. Both strategies evaluate their internal and external environment in order to determine a position and market approach meaning that equally they are responsible for gaining success. Both strategies reflecting the relationship between business strategy and IT strategy making the inference that IT strategy is indeed primarily a business tool (Simons Davila, 1998; Kantrow, 1980; Haeckel Nolan, 1993; Amit Shoemaker, 1993). In the management perspective of Frito Lay business strategies it mainly at first focuses on management. Management process deals with the activities using resources and how this strategy can be used for achieving businesss goals. Frito Lay business strategy in which incorporated IT used as a critical contributor to the business, focused on improving business value and performance. Both of the strategies combine to make the business successful. Both of the strategies are designed to establish a business-driven approach to infrastructure toward the management of it business services. Basically IT helps to identify opportunities for reduced costs, reduced risk, improved quality and greater business value. IT Strategy is a highly prestigious like Frito Lay business strategy focusing on both strategic IT business issues and recent developments in information technology. Some Related Elements between IT Strategy and Corporate Strategies at Frito Lay Identifying business elements refers to proclaiming a vision and planning a means of getting there. Though the Frito Lay business related with some elements with the IT especially nature of the organizations leadership, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners (Drew et al., 2006) etc. In Frito Lay business strategies earlier it didnt use the elements. Of the most strategic way how these elements worked as a sound management in every aspects of Frito Lay business should deal with different information technology. With the complexity of the technological change know how IT is now being used widely to take advantage of the competitive market (The daily Star, 2010). The organization environment both of the Frito Lay business and IT sector has faced challenges forward to improving its respective business. Both the size and nature of this two business strategy has greatly impact on the overall value delivery system resulting in the increa se or decrease of sales volume. Frito-Lay used management information system tools include Executive Support System (ESS), Decision Support System (DSS), and Packaging Application Expert (PAX).  ESS helps to locate potential problems in maintaining sales levels and market share those are also elements of IT strategy. Some of the Key Components of Frito Lays Plans There are some of the key components of Frito Lays plans that must be reviewed such as The length of the promotion or Time frame Promotional and distributional activities Cost, sales Decision making process and Operating polices Productivity and working process Management process Organization Structure or infrastructure of the business Corporate initiatives and their contribution Technological development, flexibility and their uses Control processes Selection of the best business tools Competition and Production efficiency Justification of the Key Components of Frito Lays plan Time is important components for the business to succeed in the market. Strategy and Planning services produce a roadmap of clearly defined projects designed to extract more value from existing assets. This roadmap can also be used to support the deployment of critical business-driven projects. If proper information is not readily available to the customers as well as to the manger the firms will suffer a lot. Promotional activities that communicate the merits of the products and persuade the target customers (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). Distribution of the sales people among different areas help to achieve maximum productivity and effectiveness. Focusing on sales Frito Lays business can assess its position and its strength. A review of the sales, cost and profit projections for a new product may satisfy the Frito Lay businesss objectives. Productivity, management process, decision making process can greatly enhance the business in a wide distribution area. Together with the technological innovation businesses go forward with the competitions market. Business goals could be achieved easily with the understanding of business productivity and improving quality. Business information would be dynamic and integrated that should enable line employees and managers throughout the company to access timely and relevant information to support marketing strategy. Frito Lay business later identified these components and tried to implement that result in profit of their business. Some Strategies There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on various strategies that would be an effective way to communicate plans to executives, senior management, and team members if used at Frito Lay. Division of areas: one strategy that may be an effective way to communicate plans to executives, senior management, and team members if each area is subdivided to different small areas. One manager is assign to evaluate performance to the lower team members who will report to the manager. Organize a management team. Usually the signals that building familiarity among the companys advisors, employees, area managers, executives to make the communication easier. Short mission statement. Once the team has been organized, a brief mission statement which outlines the goals for the communications effort. This statement is critical in building consensus among the team members over the future course of action. Keep communication simple. Keep your internal and external communications simple, direct, and frequent so that everyone is kept informed of your progress. Tell your target publics what you are going to do, do it, and then tell them how youve done it. Forthright disclosure is essential Decentralization: It is actually one end of a continuum anchored. In this type of organization decision making power and authority are delegated as far down the authority. By delegating power and authority systematically from middle and lower level employees a relationship is established accelerating communication throughout a group team. Organization should not only focus their attention on decentralization they also focus their attention on centralization. Centralization: Sometimes the firm should only focus on the management activities among the higher level authorities. Identify actions or redress and communicate progress on a regular basis. Prior to communication on a regular basis. By meeting weekly rather than once a month shortened both thought cycle and action cycle to be more in paces changes in the business. Keep the lines of communication open. Non-management employees or staff may offer valuable insights into alternative courses of action. Encouraging suggestions from the bottom up also helps keep interest and involvement high among audiences that have a stake in the outcome of the crisis, but little into the decision-making process. Keeping the lines of communications open may result in a fresh perspective toward the solution of a problem. Build on a short-term plan with a long-term proactive communications strategy. Nothing builds interest and involvement like awareness and knowledge. The more your target publics know about you, the more likely they are to want to do business with you. Keeping your audiences informed builds interest and involvement. This translates into knowledge and awareness about a company, its products and services, and a businesss growth and development. A well-planned and skillfully implemented strategic communications program can be a powerful tool for turnaround success. Engaging in communications can help minimize disruption to a business and its bottom line and help the turnaround manager guide his clients back to business as usual. Controlling the operating process. Control is one of the main function of the management in h organization. Control helps the firms with a ways to adapt the environmental change, to limit the accumulation of errors, to cope with the environmental complexity and minimize the cost. A properly designed control systems can help anticipate, monitor and respond changing circumstances. Build up Effective team leadership. Develop leadership and management capability at all levels in the organization from the first-line supervisor to members of the executive team. Both with the Executive Team leader and members of the executive team on an individual basis to help them improve their effectiveness within the team. Evaluation of the Strategies After the strategies have been developed then comes the evaluation of the strategies. Evaluation is also very important. Although Flexibility is essential in any situation. Evaluation of the strategies is measured in terms of its feasibility, its satisfactoriness and its consequences. Is your message getting through? Is the media playing your story accurately? Are your target audiences responding appropriately? If your plan isnt working, dont be afraid to change or adjust it. Generally if the strategy meets the target it just kept. Maintaining the ultimate target is essentially preferable but it is more likely that some action will be needed to correct a deviation from the target setting. Finally changing is established if it sets too high or too low beyond the reaching goal. Among the strategies these strategies are evaluated to be the effective way to communicate from top line managers to worker level employees are Effective team leadership Keep the lines of communication open i.e.; integrated infrastructure information structure Short mission statement. Centralization Decentralization Controlling the operating process may be effective Depending on the situation both decentralization and centralization are effective way of communication. An effective way to use information technology opportunities is through a systematic analysis of a companys value chain the series of interdependent activities that bring a product or service to the customer. IT helping to make sure that technology is not just being pursued for the sake of more technology, but that its also moving the company forward. In Frito Lay corporate strategy both departments and work groups are interdependent. They depend each other for information and resources to perform their respective activities. The greater the degree of interdependence between the departments, the more the coordination among themselves (Griffin, 2003). Besides having these things there is some distinct criteria in which information about plan cannot be relayed quickly to the staffs as relayed to the executive staffs. As executives are the most important person in the company and they have to take decision instantly thy receive the information. With the information technology executives now take any market; and know more about what is going on in the snack category there than the regional competitor who only operates in that market.  That is indicating that their information accessibility is not same. The real benefit of information systems is the energy it brings across the entire company. Information system developments allow for the centralizing of data, in turn allowing managers of regional operations access to this vast database on the other case staffs can not.. Further, it provides the software to use these technologies in a way that is effective in a distributed processing marketing environment. Result is different However, management policy now focuses on directed decentralization.   Hundreds of middle managers have freedom and database knowledge to make tactical decisions on local market initiatives.   Framework That use IT Strategy to Support Frito Lays Business Technological changes have accelerated globalization and have intensified competition and the organizations need to be nimble and agile. Business organizations are aware that information strategy is highly crucial to the success of every business. It is difficult to sustain a business in todays very competitive and innovative world minus a framework for information strategy, which is the organizations integrated plan for processing, delivery, and presentation of information.   Hence regardless of the size and nature of businesses, companies invest on IT infrastructure for real-time communication, automation of systems, and other applications. However some organizations fail to optimize the availability and functionality of information technology in managing and delivering information relative to achieving business goals. Business framework for information strategy must always aim to provide consistency, transparency, and quality in business processes that will support success strat egy employed by an organization. With a defined framework and integration of business processes and information strategy helps company sustains competitive advantage. A frame work that will help support IT ultimately Frito Lay business should include Management Information System (MIS) under which improve customer service and communicate with customers and suppliers more effectively cut your costs and streamline business operations increase staff  productivity respond to change more quickly improve the way to manage, share and use knowledge in business and business analysis Now, this frame work will support IT and can be applied to Frito Lay business achieve business objectives. However, it is necessary to continue to develop new information technologies in order to maintain these advantages and develop new ones.   Not only are new ideas on technologies rising, new ideas on how to use these technologies are also apparent. It is important to understand how these changes are likely to impact upon the business and, in turn, how IT will support such changes. This will ensure that any IT investment you make now is capable of supporting your business and its operations in the longer term. Some Recommendations Organizations need to evaluate both their internal and external environment in order to determine a position and market approach. Ideally, an information technology system should be simple for the customer to adopt at the outset, and it will become tightly intertwined with the customers daily routine To accomplish both centralization and decentralization along with introducing new technology Frito-Lay has to change its business culture, organization, and infrastructure etc. Also, firms have to increase advertising and promotional expenditures, through using the information technology. It is now important to focus on attention on management information systems to grow business and to take monopoly in the market. Frito Lay business should continue to develop new information technologies in order to maintain these advantages and develop new ones.   Not only are new ideas on technologies rising, new ideas on how to use these technologies are also apparent. One area in particular where we feel an upgrade may be necessary is with the DEX system. As Frito-Lay used didnt any training programs or corporate modifications to help implement all their new information technology systems.   And also I found a lot of information (data) was created, but not analyzed well.   The organization and process controls were not structured adequately to handle all the new information.   Management processes and employee mind-sets were not altered either.  In this case, recommendation that Frito-Lay develop and implement-training programs, including shared purpose, shared incentive, and top-to-bottom implementation programs. Formulating strategies and plans to address IT should focus on the macro marketing in which Frito Lay business can use more update technology to attract customers. Using information technology for new products and services that help clients respond to rapid changes in the marketplace to gain a competitive advantage through ought the market and can be used as a medium of quick communication. It will help organizations improve the management and delivery of their business while reducing costs. Managers can play a central role in making sure that IT and Business is aligned. It Helps clients unlock the business value of information and use it for competitive advantage to address emerging, industry-specific business opportunities.

Costing in Banking Service Essay

It does so by describing the partial costs and full cost systems in banking institutions. It then looks at the limitations of these approaches to the current competitive conditions and goes on to consider the applicability of the activity based costing system in the allocation of indirect transformation costs to branches, products and customers. Finally, we will look at the findings of a questionnaire to Spanish savings banks in order to evaluate how widespread these systems are and how they are used in savings banks. We found that direct costs systems predominate in customer and products entries whereas full costs systems are much more widespread in the case of branches. Furthermore, we also found that the use of activity based costs systems is very limited. Keywords: Saving banks Cost structure Management accounting Cost systems Activity based costing. JEL Classification Codes: M41 – Accounting G21 – Banks; Other Depository Institutions. 1. Introduction Historically, management accounting in banking institutions was introduced considerably later in comparison with companies in other sectors. There are a number of reasons for this limited development. This was due, on the one hand, to external causes. For example, it was not until the 80’s that competitive conditions in the banking sector fostered the development of accounting management planning and control systems. On the other hand, there were also internal conditions that had to do with the nature of the banking business and the operations that these companies carry out, which differ significantly to those of other sectors. This hindered the transfer of models that had basically been developed for industrial companies to the financial sector. As regards internal factors, the accounting regulations set down by regulating bodies of the banking system have traditionally been the starting point from which banking institutions have drawn up their accounting information. The purpose of he latter was clearly to address the needs of central banks that used this accounting information in order to supervise and control the solvency of the financial system and to control the relevant variables of monetary policy (Tà ºa and Larriba, 1986, p.37; Cates, 1997, p.51-56; Kimball, 1997, p.24). Furthermore, the environment in which these companies had traditionally operated had been sufficiently stable in order for them not to see the need to improve their management accounting systems (AECA, 1994a, p.12-13). On an internal level, Waden-Berghe (1990, p.569) Rouach and Naulleau (1992, p. 101-102) and Carmona (1994, p.210) point out that the characteristic features of the products and the production process of banks hinder the application of management accounting techniques: the intermediation function they carry out, the permanence on the balance sheet of the main sources of income and expenses, the problematic definition of outputs and input, given that there is no difference between the nature of the raw material obtained via financial markets or deposit taking and the final product (loans), the fixed cost and marginal revenue syndrome, the difficulty in allocating indirect costs to cost objects or the diffuse figure of the customer-supplier. However, the deep transformation of the banking system, and, more specifically, deregulation, disintermediation and innovation processes, have ushered in changes to the competitive behaviour and the information needs of banking institutions. We can therefore assume that the accounting systems of these companies have most probably also evolved and established new conceptual frameworks 1. As a consequence of growing competition in the banking sector and the reduction of financial margins, banking institutions have had to give increasingly greater importance to the planning and control of their non financial costs, which has opened up the debate around the adequacy of the costs systems currently in use in these companies (Scias, 1985, p. 48; Kimball, 1993, p. 5-20; Bos, Bruggink et al., 1994, p.12; Carmona, 1994, p. 213). This essay aims to analyse the characteristics of the costs systems of Spanish savings banks which operate in the universal retail banking segment. In the first place, we will look at the different theoretical models that will enable us to analyse the financial intermediation activity from a microeconomic viewpoint. Secondly, we will go on to describe the characteristics of non financial costs in banking institutions, given that they influence the application of management accounting in these companies. Thirdly, we will put forward a costs classification in savings banks that facilitates the allocation of their non financial costs to different cost objects (centre of responsibility, products, customers and activities). Based on the above, we can then go on to assess the use of different costing systems, looking at both traditional costing systems (partial and full) as well as activity based costing. The study finishes by presenting the results of a questionnaire given to the heads of management control of Spanish savings banks with the aim of finding out which costing systems are currently in use and how they are likely to evolv e in the future. 2. The Production Process in Banking Institutions This section aims to present an overview of the different theoretical approaches that interpret the productive process of banking institutions. According to Bergà ©s and Soria (1993, p. 17-23) the models that explain the productive process of banking institutions can be grouped into three groups: partial decision models, portfolio theory and services production. Let’s look at these in more detail. 2.1. Partial Decision Models Partial models focus either on the assets and investment decisions (loans versus the treasury) or on the composition of the liability structure (capital versus deposits), considering the other part of the balance sheet as an external or exogenous variable. In these models, the banking institution’s balance sheet is 1 We can identify various evolution stages in bank accounting and management; for example, Chisholm and Duncan (1985, p.27-33) have divided its historical evolution into three stages, Faletti (1986, p.88-95) refers to four stages, Rezaee (1991, p.26-28) and Roosevelt and Johnson (1986, p.30-31) have established five stages, and Ernst & Young (1995, p.25-31) outline up to 11 phases. Having said this, the different number of stages by different authors reflect differences in nuances but not in fundamental aspects because the evolution of information drawn up by management accounting in banking institutions may be seen as a continuous process rooted in financial accounting that is evolving towards objectives that are more and more related with tactical and strategic decision making. viewed as the key element, because each of its components is modelled individually (Santomero, 2000, p.4). When loans are regarded as outputs of the banking institution, it is assumed that, given a certain level of exogenously determined deposits, which are not subject to optimization, the company’s management decision is focused on determining what proportion of deposited funds will be allocated to the provision of loans and what proportion will be kept in the treasury. This is due to the fact that the banking institution needs to maintain a certain level of liquid reserves in order to address possible withdrawals of deposits. Obviously, maintenance of this treasury will generate an opportunity cost, so banking institutions will have to minimise this opportunity cost by maintaining the treasury at a minimum level. However, if the treasury that is kept is insufficient, the company exposes itself to a high liquidity risk (Baltensperger, 1980, p.3; and Swank, 1996, p.176). When deposits are regarded as outputs, the problem focuses on determining the optimum balance between deposits and equity (Swank, 1996, p.177). According to this approach, a situation of insolvency could be brought on not only by the mass withdrawal of customer deposits, but also if the value of assets drops below that of liabilities. This scenario is less and less likely the fewer the deposits. It can therefore be minimised by increasing the volume of equity (Baltensperger, 1980, p.1011; Swank, 1996, p.177). However, given that the opportunity cost of equity is greater than the financial cost generated by deposits, in order to maximise profitability the bank need to minimise the bank’s own funds, which increases the possibility of an insolvency scenario and of meeting the ensuing costs associated with it (Baltensperger, 1980, p.13). 2.2. Portfolio Theory Based Models The previous models seek to address the structure of assets or liability management whilst considering the other part of the balance sheet as exogenous. A comprehensive theory of the productive process of banking institutions needs to simultaneously account for the structure of assets and liabilities. The efficient portfolios selection model for banking institutions put forward by Markowitz (1959) and developed by Pyle (1971, p.737-747) concomitantly looks at decisions concerning assets as well as liabilities and gives us a more comprehensive view of the interrelations between assets and liabiliti es. Having said this, it must be acknowledged that although portfolio theory overcomes the limitations of partial models by determining optimum treasury, loans and deposits levels together, it still has its drawbacks. The most relevant to this study has to do with the fact that both partial models and portfolio selection theory regard non-financial costs as irrelevant when it comes to estimating the output level and composition of banking institutions (Swank, 1996, p. 194). 2.3. Models Based on the Production of Services and Real Resources The provision of financial services entails transformation costs which are not contemplated in the abovementioned models. The services production model advocates that the production processes of banking institutions cannot be properly analysed by simply looking at the management of its optimal assets and liabilities structure, but that we also need to take into account the fact that both financial intermediation and the provision of other banking services generate transformation costs, which entail the use of real resources both human and technological (Baltensperger, 1980, p. 27-29). The models developed by Pesek, (1970, p. 357-385); Saving (1977, p. 289-303) and Sealey and Lindley (1977, p.1251-1266) are approaches based on production and cost functions, and enable us to study the banking institution’s behaviour from the point of view of profit maximisation. According to the above models, the activity of banking institutions consists of providing a range of different financial services (both intermediation and other kinds of services), the production of which can be expressed in accordance with a production function. The inputs of this production function are a combination of different types of factors consisting of real resources whereas the outputs are different possible combinations of assets, liabilities and services. Hence the production function, along with the balancing of the accounts between assets, liquidity and liabilities, interest rates that are externally set by the market and legally established coefficients, make up the restrictions under which banking institutions must operate and try to maximise their profits. These profits will ultimately depend on the difference between revenue generated from the sale of their services on the one hand and the total costs of their inputs both financial and non financial on the other (Sealey and Lindley, 1977, p. 1255; Santomero, 2000, p.3). The following sections will discuss the problematic of the costing structure of real resources in banking institutions and look at how these are classified for management accounting purposes. This will be followed by an overview of the different costing systems identified in the literature, partial costs, full costs and activity based costing. And finally, we will present the findings of an empirical research study concerning the costing systems used by Spanish savings banks. 3. The Cost Structure of Banking Institutions Before we proceed to assess the different existing cost systems and their application to banking, we would like to highlight some of the characteristic features of the banking business which influence the cost structure of its costing systems. These characteristic features can be summed up as follows (Sloane, 1991, p.76-79; Sapp, Rebischke et al., 1991, p.56-57): †¢ Variable work load: the volume of operations fluctuates enormously from one moment to the next, which obviates the problem of capacity management, given that at certain times there are â€Å"peaks† whilst at other times there are â€Å"valleys† which means that these resources are underused. †¢ High fixed costs: resources are usually allocated to covering â€Å"peaks† of activity. However, the cost of these resources does not vary with the volume of transactions, because they have a large fixed component. †¢ Predictability of the activity: although the demand for services tends to be hi ghly variable, it is relatively easy to predict, because it follows a cyclic behaviour pattern, which offers the possibility of turning part of fixed costs into variable ones by means of outsourcing. †¢ Mass services production activities: a comparison can be drawn between the high volume of repetitive operations in banking institutions and traditional industrial mass commodity manufacturing, which facilitates the use of methodologies that originated in industry and the setting up of a standard costing system. †¢ Joint production and an undefined product: the banking product is physically indefinable which makes it more complex to identify. For example, when a banking institution issues a loan to a customer, the latter must open up a current account to meet the loan payments. If on top of this the customer orders a cheque book on his current account and takes out a life insurance policy, we have four interrelated products. †¢ Low cost traceability: given that we are dealing with joint production activities with elevated fixed and indirect costs there are many resources that are shared by activities, customers, products and centres of responsibility. As far as we see it, the most significant factors that influence the applicability of different cost systems in banking institutions are on the one hand, the significant weight of indirect costs in relation to cost objects, which makes it difficult to trace them in relation to cost objects. Similarly, given that a large part of the operations carried out by banking institutions are of a repetitive nature and susceptible to standardisation, this makes it feasible to consider calculating the costs of these operations and allocating them to cost objects, and to introduce the use of standard costs as a planning and control instrument. 4. Costs Classification in Banking Institutions The classification of the non financial costs of banking institutions may prove useful in studying the applicability of different cost systems to banking institutions. Although we can make different classifications of these costs, the most relevant for our purposes is the difference between transformation and overhead costs (AECA, 1994a, p.61-62): â€Å"transformation costs are costs that are generated in profit centres and in operational cost or general services centres. In general, the costs of these centres are directly or indirectly related to the consumption of products and services on the part of customers†. At the same time, transformation costs can be divided into direct and indirect costs, depending on their relation to cost objects (AECA, 1994a, p.61): †¢ Direct costs, are those costs that can be unequivocally and directly allocated to cost objects, in other words their allocation is controlled economically in an individualised fashion. †¢ Indirect costs, are costs that cannot be directly allocated to cost objects because there is no exact allocation of funds that enables us to estimate the consumption of these costs by cost bearers, It should be noted that a significant number of transformation costs of banking institutions are dual in nature when viewed from the previous classification criterion, to the extent that certain transformation costs can be direct with respect to the branches network but indirect in relation to products and customers (De la Cuesta, 1996, p.85-87). In banking institutions, transformation costs basically correspond to personnel costs, depreciations and other general costs, which although they are difficult to allocate to customers and products, are generally easier to allocate to responsibility centres (Cole, 1995, p.152). The second costs category corresponds to overhead costs, which are generated in the bank’s organisational centres. These costs are generated by the various functions related to management, administration, organisation and control. In general, these are indirect in relation to all the cost objects. These costs are treated as costs assigned to support all the company’s functions, and as such they are independent of production volume, the existing product lines and of the markets they serve (AECA, 1994b, p.58).

Erotomania

De Clerambault's Syndrome, also called erotomania, is a psychological condition in which the sufferer is under the delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her. Typically, the object of this delusion is of a higher social class than the sufferer and is merely an acquaintance – at the most – in reality. To the person with de Clerambault's syndrome, everything that the object of affection does takes on a special significance that it does not really have. De Clerambault's syndrome is named after Gaetan Gatian de Clerambault, a French psychiatrist who wrote a comprehensive paper on the condition in 1921. [pic][pic][pic]De Clerambault's syndrome has been recognized in some form since long before Gaetan Gatian de Clerambault published his paper, although there was no standard term for it. Ancient authors, including Hippocrates and Plutarch, describe cases that today would probably be diagnosed as de Clerambault's syndrome. Psychiatrist Jacques Ferrand is credited with the first mention of the syndrome in psychiatric literature, in 1623. The concept of the condition has changed throughout the centuries, as it was originally likened to illness caused by unrequited love, and only relatively recently came to be understood as a delusional belief that another person is making romantic advances. There have been many famous cases of de Clerambault's syndrome, most of which manifested themselves through stalking behavior. The object of many of these cases was a celebrity of some sort, either in the realm of politics or entertainment. One of the most well-known cases affected John Hinckley, Jr. , who shot President Ronald Reagan in 1981 in an attempt to impress actress Jodie Foster, who he believed wanted a sign of his devotion. De Clerambault's syndrome has also often been the subject of fiction. Nikolai Gogol's classic story, â€Å"Diary of a Madman† (1835), describes a descent into insanity that begins with a case of de Clerambault's syndrome. Ian McEwan's novel Enduring Love (1997), adapted to film in 2004, tells the story of a homosexual case of the condition. De Clerambault's syndrome is also the subject of the 2002 French film He Loves Me†¦ He Loves Me Not, starring Audrey Tautou of Amelie fame. Erotomania atau biasa dikenal dengan sebutan de Clerambault’s syndrome merupakan suatu bentuk gangguan kepribadian dimana para penderitanya memiliki keyakinan yang merupakan waham bahwasannya ada seseorang, biasanya yang memiliki status sosial lebih tinggi (selebritis, bintang rock, orang terkenal, wanita sosialita, bos, dll), memendam perasaan inta kepada si penderita, atau mungkin memiliki suatu bentuk hubungan intim. Gangguan kepribadian ini rata-rata penderitanya adalah kaum pria. Pertama kali ditelaah oleh psikiater asal perancis yang bernama Gaetan Gatian Clerambault, yang menyusun sebuah makalah yang membahas tentang gangguan kepribadian macam ini pada tahun 1921. walau referensi awal yang sejenis dengan gangguan ini telah ada dalam tulisan Hipokrates, Erasistratus, Plutark, dan Galen. Dalam dunia psikiatri sendiri referensi sejenis ini telah ada pertama kali dalam tahun 1623 dalam sebuah risalah berjudul Maladie d’amour ou melancolie erotique yang ditulis oleh Jacques Ferrand, dan juga disebut sebagai â€Å"old maid’s psychosis†, â€Å"erotic mania† dan â€Å"erotic self-referent delusions† sampai kemasa sekarang dimana disebut sebagai bentuk dari Erotomania atau de Clerambault’s Syndrome. Inti utama dari bentuk sindrom ini adalah si penderita memiliki suatu waham atau delusi keyakinan bahwa ada orang lain, yang biasanya memiliki status sosial yang lebih tinggi, secara sembunyi-sembunyi memendam perasaan cinta kepadanya. Para penderita selalu yakin bahwa subjek dari delusi mereka secara rahasia menyatakan cinta mereka dengan isyarat halus seperti bahasa tubuh, pengaturan perabot rumah, atau dengan cara lain yang kemungkinan tidaklah mungkin (jika yang menjadi sasaran adalah seorang public figure maka akan diartikan secara salah oleh penderita, terhadap sesuatu yang tertulis dalam media massa tentang orang tersebut). Sering kali orang yang menjadi objek dalam delusi, hanya memiliki sedikit sekali hubungan atau bahkan tidak berhubungan sama sekali dengan sang penderita. Walau demikian sang penderita tetap percaya bahwa sang objek-lah yang memulai semua hubungan khayal itu. Delusi Erotomania sering ditemukan dalam sebuah gejala awal dari sebuah gangguan delusional atau dalam konteks Skizofrenia. Terkadang subjek yang berada dalam delusi tidaklah pernah ada dalam dunia nyata, nemun yang lebih sering terjadi, subjek adalah publik figur seperti penyanyi terkenal, aktor, aktris, politikus, selebritis dll. Erotomania juga disebut-sebut sebagai suatu penyebab perilaku Stalking yaitu suatu bentuk perilaku memperhatikan orang lain tanpa sepengetahuan orang yang diperhatikan, lalu perlahan melakukan suatu upaya pendekatan yang bersifat mengganggu, biasanya dengan obsesi bahwa korban adalah orang yang perlu ditolong atau bahkan dimusnahkan. Selain itu Erotomania juga disebut sebagai penyebab dari bentuk suatu tindakan yang mengganggu orang lain. Percobaan pembunuhan terhadap Mantan Presiden Amerika Serikat, Ronald Reagan oleh John Hinckley, Jr. ilaporkan telah diakibatkan oleh erotomania yang diderita Hinckley, yang merasa bahwa artis Jodie Foster akan membeberkan kepada publik bahwa ia cinta kepadanya setelah ia membunuh sang presiden. Hinckley sendiri terbebas dari jeratan hukum karena didiagnosa memiliki gangguan jiwa (skizofrenia). Berikut adalah daftar beberapa artis yang menjadi korban dari gangguan kepribadian ini: Linda Ronstadt David Letterman Madonna Barbara Mandrell Ronald Reagan Steven Spielberg Erotomania is a type of delusion in which the affected person believes that another person, usually a stranger, is in love with him or her. The illness often occurs during psychosis, especially in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar mania. [1] In one case, erotomania was reported in a patient who had undergone surgery for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. [2] During an erotomanic psychosis, the patient believes that a â€Å"secret admirer† is declaring his or her affection to the patient, often by special glances, signals, telepathy, or messages through the media. Usually the patient then returns the perceived affection by means of letters, phone calls, gifts, and visits to the unwitting recipient. 2] The term erotomania is often confused with â€Å"obsessive love†, obsession with unrequited love, or hypersexuality (see nymphomania). Obsessive love is not erotomania by definition. Erotomania is also called de Clerambault's syndrome, after the French psychiatrist Gaetan Gatian de Clerambault (1872–1934), who published a comprehensive review paper on the subject (Les Psychoses Passionelles) in 1921. |Co ntents | |1 History | |2 Presentation | |3 Historical examples | |4 In popular culture | 5 See also | |6 Notes | |7 References | [pic][edit] History Early references to the condition can be found in the work of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Plutarch and Galen. In the psychiatric literature it was first referred to in 1623 in a treatise by Jacques Ferrand (Maladie d'amour ou Melancolie erotique) and has been variously called â€Å"old maid's psychosis†, â€Å"erotic paranoia† and â€Å"erotic self-referent delusions† until the common usage of the terms erotomania and de Clerambault's syndrome. G. E. Berrios and N. Kennedy outlined in ‘Erotomania: a conceptual history' (2002)[3] several periods of history through which the concept of erotomania has changed considerably: †¢ Classical times – early eighteenth century: General disease caused by unrequited love †¢ Early eighteenth – beginning nineteenth century: Practice of excess physical love (akin to nymphomania or satyriasis) †¢ Early nineteenth century – beginning twentieth century: Unrequited love as a form of mental disease †¢ Early twentieth century – present: Delusional belief of â€Å"being loved by someone else† [edit] Presentation The core symptom of the disorder is that the sufferer holds an unshakable belief that another person is secretly in love with him or her. In some cases, the sufferer may believe several people at once are â€Å"secret admirers. † The sufferer may also experience other types of delusions concurrently with erotomania, such as delusions of reference, wherein the perceived admirer secretly communicates his or her love by subtle methods such as body posture, arrangement of household objects, and other seemingly innocuous acts (or, if the person is a public figure, through clues in the media). Erotomanic delusions are typically found as the primary symptom of a delusional disorder or in the context of schizophrenia and may be treated with atypical antipsychotics. [edit] Historical examples |[pic] |This section does not cite any references or sources. | | |Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and | | |removed. (February 2010) | The assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. was reported to have been driven by an erotomanic delusion that the death of the president would cause actress Jodie Foster to become infatuated with him. Late night TV entertainer David Letterman and retired astronaut Story Musgrave were both stalked by Margaret Mary Ray. [edit] In popular culture Examples of de Clerambault's syndrome (erotomania) in fiction include Ian McEwan's novel Enduring Love,[4] and the French films Anna M. (2007) and Laetitia Colombani's A la folie†¦ as du tout (2002), starring Audrey Tautou. The band Dream Theater has a song titled â€Å"Erotomania†, which is the first of a three part suite titled A Mind Beside Itself. The condition of erotomania formed the basis of the plot for the episodes â€Å"Somebody's Watching† and â€Å"Broken Mirror† of the television series Criminal Minds. Erotomania also formed the basis of the plot of the 2006 film Borat. Throughout the fi lm, Borat travels from Khazakstan in an attempt to find his â€Å"love† pahmeela anderson. At the end of the film, when Borat finds pahmeela, he attempts to kidnap her in large burlap bag [5]. [edit] See also †¢ Delusion †¢ Delusional disorder †¢ Love addiction †¢ Monomania †¢ Psychosis †¢ Schizophrenia †¢ Stalking †¢ Yandere †¢ Play Misty For Me Media Examples †¢ Enduring Love (film) †¢ He Loves Me†¦ He Loves Me Not (film) †¢ Wire in the Blood, Season 3 Episode 3 †¢ Fatal Attraction Erotomania Erotomania can be defined as a psychological disorder in which the afflicted relentlessly pursues the notion that the object of his/her affection reciprocates his/her romantic feelings and/or fantasies. This obsession with the desired individual continues long after that individual has asserted that he/she is not interested in pursuing a romantic relationship with the afflicted. Consequently, erotomaniacs tend to stalk their victims. It has been postulated that those who stalk suffer from a basic fault in their capacity to have relationships with others. (Lipson et al. , 1998). Though brought to light with the Tarasoff case, Erotomania continues to be considerably new in the literature and consequently little research has been done to suggest any consistent hypothesis as to causality. Characteristic of the erotomaniac (generally across the board) are the following: irrationality, a tendancy toward impulsive actions, obsessiveness, paranoia, psychotic tendancies. Typically the erotomaniac shares certain behavioral characteristics consistent with that of a Borderline. The erotomaniac tends to begin with simple, subtle expressions of affection to reach the object of his/her desire which later spirals out of control and can lead to expressions of anger, rage, frusteration and violence when such gestures go ignored and the victims continues to assert lack of interest. Strangely the erotomaniac fails altogether to see the victim's lack of interest. The erotomaniac attributes lack of positive response to a litany of things. In the case of my stalker, Louise attributed her ex-husband (my boyfriend) taking a restraining order out against her to a belief that somehow I was behind the scenes manipulating him to do so in order to keep him from â€Å"recognizing his love for her† and â€Å"going back to her†. Louise also wrote constant letters saying she knew I â€Å"had to be pregnant† because she didn't know why else he wouldn't be returning her calls and answering her threatening letters. Finally, the erotomaniac is psychotic and no longer in reality. Any reaction from the victim can be construed as a signal of approval. Returning to the case of my stalker, Louise believed the act of my boyfriend taking a restraining order out against her was somehow indicative of encouragement to continue to call and visit him and so she did continue, persisting even after countless arraignments, community service and jail time. †¢ Erotomania Erotomania is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that another person, usually of a higher social status, is in love with them. Erotomania is also called de Clerambault's syndrome, after the French psychiatrist Gaetan Gatian de Clerambault who published a comprehensive review paper on the subject (Les Psychoses Passionelles) in 1942. History Early references to the condition can be found in the work of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Plutarch and Galen. In the psychiatric literature it was first referred to in 1623 in a treatise by Jacques Ferrand (Maladie d'Amour ou Melancolie Erotique) and has been variously called â€Å"old maid's psychosis†, â€Å"erotic paranoia† and â€Å"erotic self-referent delusions† until the common usage of the terms erotomania and de Clerambault's syndrome. Berrios and Kadinksy (see references) have outlined several periods of history through which the concept of erotomania has changed considerably: †¢ Classical times – early eighteenth century: General disease caused by unrequited love †¢ Early eighteenth – beginning nineteenth century: Practice of excess physical love (akin to nymphomania or satyriasis) †¢ Early nineteenth century – beginning twentieth century: Unrequited love as a form of mental disease †¢ Early twentieth century – present: Delusional belief of â€Å"being loved by someone else† Contemporary syndrome The core of the syndrome is that the affected person has a delusional belief that another person, usually of higher social status, is secretly in love with them. The sufferer may also believe that the subject of their delusion secretly communicates their love by subtle methods such as body posture, arrangement of household objects and other seemingly innocuous acts. The object of the delusion usually has little or no contact with the delusional person, who often believes that the object initiated the fictional relationship. Occasionally the subject of the delusion may not actually exist, although more commonly subjects are media figures such as pop stars, actors and politicians. Erotomania has been cited as one cause for stalking or harassment campaigns. The assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. was reported to have been driven by an erotomanic delusion that the death of the president would cause actress Jodie Foster to publicly declare her love for Hinckley. Author and Booker Prize winner, Ian McEwan based the novel Enduring Love around the theme of a science writer who is harassed by an erotomanically deluded person. The book claims to be based on a real case report which is included in the appendix of the book, although this case report is, in reality, also fictional. The term erotomania is sometimes used in a less specific clinical sense meaning excessive pursuit of or preoccupation with love or sex. Erotomanic delusions are typically found as the primary symptom of delusional disorder, or in the context of schizophrenia. See also †¢ delusion †¢ delusional disorder †¢ paranoia †¢ psychosis †¢ schizophrenia

Book Report Meaning of Independence Essay - 812 Words

The meaning of independence† is a book on the political journey of the three important men namely john Adams, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who were the first to seek independence for themselves and their country people. This is a beautiful book is written by Edmund S. Morgan in 1976. Who was also the writer of popular books such as Benjamin Franklin (2002) , Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (1988), which won Columbia Universitys Bancroft Prize in American History in 1989, and American Slavery, American Freedom (1975), which won the Society of American Historians Francis Parkman Prize, the Southern Historical Associations Charles S. Sydnor Prize and the American Historical†¦show more content†¦In his early years he played vital roles during the stamp act and Boston massacre. He believed no man in a free country should be denied to counsel and that the British government was at fault and not the soldiers who were con victed. He was in favor of humanity and when it was time to choose between his career and his country people, Adams chose the protection of American independence and did not dictate war during his presidential years. He spent his years in the continental congress pulling Americans together and even after independence was won he spent the years guarding it. He is one of the most influential people in the American history. George Washington, the first president of American history, is the second person talked about in this book. He was very well known for his dignity and reserve. He was very fair in his dealing and did not ask favor to anyone but he always kept a cold eye as he was always suspicious about other men trying to take his advantage. He was very attentive and no detail was too small for his attention. He was continually alert against theft, embezzlement, and shirking by his slaves. He warned his managers and overseers continually to make the slaves work. He hired one after the other managers and overseers but none could hardly satisfyShow MoreRelatedThe Corporate Collapse Of Harris Scarfe992 Words   |  4 Pagesin order to work out where it failed in this case. ASA 200.11/ISA 200.11 defines the auditing objective as one that needs to ascertain reasonable assurance that the financial report as a whole is free from misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. In doing so the auditor can give an opinion of whether the financial report was prepared in accordance with the financial reporting framework (Gay Simnett 2012, p. 12). For any audit engagement APES 110 section 100.5 sets out five fundamental principlesRead MoreTypes Of Database For Flat File Database939 Words   |  4 Pageshave three tables such as customer, books and landing. The following advantaged of relational database: †¢ The book s details and the customer s details need only be entered into the database once. †¢ Because of this, mistakes are less likely to happen and if there were a mistake in a customer s record, for example, correcting it will correct the mistake database-wide. †¢ Duplication is avoided - this keeps the database s file size down. †¢ Details about books and customers are easily accessibleRead MoreIFAC and APB: Ethical Standards for Accountants Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagescode. (book) APB Ethical Standards are concerned with the integrity, objectivity and independence of auditors and the most important types of potential threats that could influence these values. Independence is the foundation of the auditing profession. The primary objective of auditors is to ensure that the financial statements prepared by the directors are correct and to provide independent assurance to the shareholders that are indeed prepared correctly. The auditor then issues a report, whichRead MoreHow The Low Income Of Countries Such As Chad And Papua New Guinea1602 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This report is to help introduce the low income of countries such as Chad and Papua New Guinea, and comparing them to a country such as Sweden who has no income. For years, certain countries, as the two listed above cannot maintain a lifestyle with the incomes that are available to them. Using incomes will help to see where the problem is occurring and how it might be approached to aid the countries. Reporting on the countries will give insight into a historical background includingRead MoreThe Benefits of Independent Finanical Audit Stakeholders1795 Words   |  7 Pagesauditor has to be explained. As well as the beneficiaries of audit must be known, who the stakeholders of an audit are and how they benefit, the stakeholders expectations, the consequences of not having an audit, the auditing process, and auditor’s independence. The sole of this paper is to understand what the benefits of independent financial audit stakeholders are. To start off, the definition of an audit was explained in the introduction, but there also are different types of audits and many componentsRead MoreKing Leopold s Ghost Analysis1128 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral countries began to disagree with Leopold’s dictatorship. He was a tyrant. King Leopold’s Ghost is a phenomenal book because of the way individuals can make a difference in others lives. The theme of this book is something that relates to our lives everyday. Our actions can impacts individuals tremendously. There were several people that spoke out throughout this book, but the most important one is George Washington Williams. He was a minister, historian, and was in the Civil War. WilliamsRead MoreThe Presidency Of Thomas Jefferson Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesexcluding the appendix, 201 pages including the appendix. The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson outlines our third President’s youth, his time as Secretary of State under George Washington, as well as his time in office. However, due to the length of this book, my focus will lie on section two, titled The Republican Tack: At Home, 1801-1803. In this section, McDonald mainly focuses on the rise of Jefferson’s party and the influences that gave him his ideas. In section two, McDonald remarks that ‘ThomasRead MoreThe Use Of Language In Ayn Rands Anthem1286 Words   |  6 Pagesword I. Characters refer to themselves using the first person plural we and not the first person singular I. This use of language is often confusing, but must be understood if the book s meaning is to be clear. The use of the plural rather than the singular self-reference, goes to the heart of the book s meaning. The collectivist society in which Equality 7-2521 lives is similar to the Nazi and Communist states of the twentieth century. The rulers of this society do not permit any individualRead MoreA Interview For The Cross Cultural Interaction Report1136 Words   |  5 Pagesyou, that is from another country, gives you the opportunity to acquire knowledge that opens your eyes and lets you better understand the world around you. That can definitely be said after conducting my interview for the Cross-Cultural Interaction Report. I had the pleasure of meeting and interviewing Blanchefort Djimsa, a Food Science major, who is from the country of Chad which is located in Central Africa. Blanchefort is from the city of Moundou, the third largest city, which is in the South ofRead MoreTaking a Look at Phenomenal Consciousness1020 Words   |  4 Pagesmain view is that the independence of expressions does not mean there is an independence of entities, something that he and Place agree on. Smart fu rther exemplifies this view by discussing the dilemma of the â€Å"Morning Star† and the â€Å"Evening Star† and how they are both different phrases but denote the same entity, Venus. Place tries to defend that the phrase â€Å"consciousness is a brain process† should not be dismissed on logical grounds alone. He explains that â€Å"logical independence of expressions does